Pass Rates of Return to Sport Test Batteries Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

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dc.creatorRichmond, Dominic
dc.creatorWhite, Caroline
dc.creatorGomulko, Thomas
dc.date2026-06-08T16:41:59Z
dc.date2026-05-20
dc.date2026-03-14
dc.date2026-06-08T16:41:58Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-03T04:39:24Z
dc.descriptionPeer reviewed: True
dc.descriptionAcknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the lectureship team on the MSc Advanced Manipulative Physiotherapy programme at the University of Birmingham for their support through this review.
dc.descriptionPublication status: Published
dc.descriptionThe association between return-to-sport test batteries (RTS-TBs) and clinical outcomes remains unclear. Previous systematic reviews of RTS-TBs have reported low pass rates; however, these reviews have been limited by substantial heterogeneity. This systematic review aimed to quantify RTS-TB pass rates and examine their association with timing (post-op). Five electronic databases (AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PubMed) were searched on 22 December 2024. Observational studies reporting RTS-TB outcomes as a single pass or fail were included. A random-effects proportion meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of pass rates. A meta-regression was performed to assess the association between test timing and pass rate. Twelve studies (n = 1977) met the eligibility criteria, but five were excluded from the meta-analysis and meta-regression due to overlapping cohorts. From the remaining eight studies (n = 1449), the pooled prevalence of pass rates was 33% overall (95% CI 19 to 47%), 26% (95% CI 18 to 33%) for non-professional athletes, and 73% (95% CI 66 to 80%) for professional athletes, although only a single study focused on professional athletes. No association was observed between the post-operative timing of the test and passing RTS-TB (p = 0.73). The observed RTS-TB pass rates are low, and this may be influenced by the extreme heterogeneity. Although no association was observed between the RTS-TB timing and pass rates, this finding alone cannot confirm causality.
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dc.identifier2075-4663
dc.identifiersports-14-00211
dc.identifierhttps://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/404454
dc.identifier2075-4663
dc.identifier.urihttps://repo.dare.co.zw/handle/123456789/192174
dc.languageen
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.publisherhttps://doi.org/10.3390/sports14050211
dc.subjectanterior cruciate ligament
dc.subjectanterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
dc.subjectreturn to sport testing
dc.subjectreturn to sport tests
dc.titlePass Rates of Return to Sport Test Batteries Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
dc.typeArticle

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