Sapoviruses: background document for the WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality and the WHO guidelines on sanitation and health
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World Health Organization
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ii, 11 p.
Sapoviruses: background document for the WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality and the WHO Guidelines on sanitation and health reviews the characteristics, transmission, occurrence and public health significance of sapoviruses in relation to water, sanitation and hygiene. Sapoviruses are genetically diverse enteric viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis with symptoms including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, particularly affecting young children and elderly populations in institutional settings. The document summarizes evidence on epidemiology, transmission routes, environmental occurrence and disease burden, noting that person-to-person spread is the primary mode of transmission, while contaminated food, fomites and possibly drinking-water may also contribute to outbreaks. The publication examines the occurrence of sapoviruses in sewage, wastewater, surface waters and drinking-water, together with available molecular detection methods and current limitations in environmental monitoring. It discusses the significance of sanitation and drinking-water management in reducing faecal contamination and limiting transmission. The document also reviews the effectiveness of wastewater and drinking-water treatment processes, including filtration and disinfection, and emphasizes the importance of water safety plans and sanitation safety plans as systematic approaches for controlling microbial risks associated with sapoviruses.
Sapoviruses: background document for the WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality and the WHO Guidelines on sanitation and health reviews the characteristics, transmission, occurrence and public health significance of sapoviruses in relation to water, sanitation and hygiene. Sapoviruses are genetically diverse enteric viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis with symptoms including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, particularly affecting young children and elderly populations in institutional settings. The document summarizes evidence on epidemiology, transmission routes, environmental occurrence and disease burden, noting that person-to-person spread is the primary mode of transmission, while contaminated food, fomites and possibly drinking-water may also contribute to outbreaks. The publication examines the occurrence of sapoviruses in sewage, wastewater, surface waters and drinking-water, together with available molecular detection methods and current limitations in environmental monitoring. It discusses the significance of sanitation and drinking-water management in reducing faecal contamination and limiting transmission. The document also reviews the effectiveness of wastewater and drinking-water treatment processes, including filtration and disinfection, and emphasizes the importance of water safety plans and sanitation safety plans as systematic approaches for controlling microbial risks associated with sapoviruses.